Mulka caaga ah wuxuu caawiyaa xakamaynta haramaha, ilaalinta qoyaanka iyo xawaaraha kulaylka ciidda - si loo magacaabo faa'iidooyin dhowr ah - laakiin mulch baco-bidegradable ayaa bixiya taas iyo suurtogalnimada xitaa ka sii badan.
"Mulch balaastikada ah waa qalab aad caan u ah Maraykanka iyo aduunka oo dhan, laakiin maxay yihiin qaar ka mid ah beddelka mulch caag ah iyo maxay mulch u qaban kartaa carradaada?" Carol Miles, oo ah borofisar ku takhasusay khudaarta khudaarta ee Jaamacadda Gobolka Washington (WSU). Miles waxa uu ahaa af-hayeen ka ahaa khudaarta harooyinka waaweyn, khudaarta iyo EXPO ee suuqa beerta ee Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Beeraley badan ayaa ka labalabeynaya inay qaataan mulchs balaastiig ah oo bayoolaji karaan sababtoo ah welwelka laga qabo hubanti la'aanta, khatarta iyo bilicda.
WSU waxay dhamaystiraysaa sannadkii afraad ee daraasad lagu qiimaynayo mulch baco ah oo noolaha. Haddii ay u shaqeyso sidii la filayey, mulchku wuxuu si buuxda u baabi'iyaa iyada oo aan waxyeello u geysan ciidda ama deegaanka waxayna bixisaa faa'iidooyin la mid ah mulch polyetylen. Bacaha balaastigga ah ee noolaha ah ayaa leh kharashyada shaqada oo hooseeya sababtoo ah maaha in la saaro oo la tuuro dhammaadka xilliga - tixgelin muhiim ah sababtoo ah qiimaha sarreeya.
"Waxaad soo gelisaa dhamaadka xilli ciyaareedka," Miles ayaa yidhi. "Faa'iidada ugu weyn ee mulch caag ah oo biodegradable ah ayaa ah inay ku badbaadiso foosha."
WSU waxay qiimaynaysaa mulches caag ah oo noolaha laga samayn karo ee Mount Vernon, Washington, iyo Jaamacadda Tennessee ee Knoxville, Tennessee. Ka shaqaynta laba goobood ayaa horeba u go'aamisay heerka mulch-ka sii xumaanaya - oo lagu qiyaaso boqolleyda soo-gaadhista ciidda (PSE) inta lagu jiro xilliga - aad ayey uga duwan tahay goobo kala duwan waxayna ku kala duwan tahay sanadka. Guud ahaan, filo inay si dhakhso leh uga sii darto sannadaha leh qoyaan badan iyo heerkul sare.
Knoxville ee 2016, dhammaan alaabooyinka waxay si fiican u qabsadeen ilaa 20 boqolkiiba PSE Sebtembar 1. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, roobab culus iyo heerkul sare 2015 ayaa ka dhigay alaabooyinka qaarkood inay hoos u dhacaan 100 boqolkiiba PSE bartamaha xagaaga.
At Mount Vernon, oo leh heerkulka qaboojiyaha Washington, badeecooyinka biodegradable ayaa xitaa si ka sii wanaagsan u qabtay 2016 iyada oo PSEs ku dhawaad 5 boqolkiiba Sebtembar 1. 2015, kaliya hal badeeco noole ah ayaa kala go'ay oo lahaa PSE ilaa 60 boqolkiiba Sebtembar 1, laakiin tani waxay ahayd sababtoo ah badeecada waxaa laalaabay kala badh soo saaraha, laalaabkuna wuxuu ahaa daciifnimo taasoo sababtay hoos u dhaca degdega ah.
Meesha ayaa muhiim ah
"Goobta, ma aha dalagyada, ayaa go'aamiya qadarka nabaad-guurka," Miles ayaa yidhi. "Runtii waxaad u baahan tahay inaad alaabtan ku tijaabiso beertaada si aad u aragto mid ka mid ah alaabtan kuu shaqaynaysa. Lahaanshaha mulch ku filan ilaa inta lagu jiro xilliga koritaanka ayaa aad muhiim ugu ah xakameynta haramaha.
Natiijooyin adag marka la barbardhigo xakamaynta haramaha way adkeyd in la helo. "Waxaa jiray jawaab celin isku dhafan oo ku saabsan xakamaynta haramaha sababtoo ah cadaadiska haramaha ayaa ka duwan meelo kala duwan," ayuu yiri Miles. "Waxaa jira arrimo badan oo saameeya xakameynta haramaha marka loo eego kaliya mulch."
Wax-soo-saarku waa farriin joogto ah. "Goobtu waa waxa runtii go'aamin doona wax-soo-saarka," Miles ayaa yidhi. "Dhammaan kuwa madow, bacaha balaastiga ah ee noolaha ayaa lahaa wax soo saar la mid ah madow, mulch polyetylen."
WSU waxay tijaabinaysay alaabta BioAgri, Exp.PLA/PHA (filim tijaabo ah), Naturecycle, Organix (madow), Organix Clr (cad), polyetylen caadiga ah iyo WeedGuardPlus.
Alaabooyinku waxay ku kala duwan yihiin boqolleyda ku salaysan noolaha. BioAgri waa 20 ilaa 25 boqolkiiba bio-based, Exp.PLA/PHA waa 86 boqolkiiba bio-based
iyo Naturecycle waxay la mid tahay ama ka badan tahay boqolkiiba 20-ku-salaysan noolaha. Organix iyo Organix Clr waa 10 boqolkiiba bio-ku-salaysan halka polyetylen-ku uu ka yar yahay boqolkiba hal bio-ku-salaysan iyo WeedGuardPlus waa 100 boqolkiiba bio-kusalaysan. WeedGuardPlus waa warqad, 100 boqolkiiba biodegradable, oo loo ogol yahay in lagu isticmaalo wax soo saarka organic shahaadaysan.
Boqolkiiba hal-abuurka bio-ku-salaysan maaha qodobka go'aaminaya tayada badeecada ama wakhtiga xaalufinta sababtoo ah mulch-yada waxaa loo samayn karaa siyaabo badan.
Balaastikada noolaha ah waxaa laga soo saari karaa istaarijka galleyda ama istaarijka dhirta kale ama halsano bakteeriyada sonkorta dhirta ama lipids. Polymers-ka noolaha ayaa sidoo kale laga samayn karaa alaabada synthetic oo ay ku jiraan curaarta ester-ka kuwaas oo ay si diyaar ah u burburiyaan noolaha, iftiinka qorraxda iyo biyaha.
Xaalad dhegdheg leh
Mulch balaastiig ah oo la-biodegradable wuxuu leeyahay sumcad ku dheggan midho culus oo keenaya dhibaatooyin muuqaal muuqda.
Daraasadda WSU waxay adeegsatay bocorka tijaabooyinka si loo qiimeeyo dhibaatadaas.
Dhibaatadu waa soo baxday oo mulchku wuxuu ku dhegay bocorka. Daraasad cusub, Miles waxay ogaatay in jajabyada mulch laga tirtiri karo midhaha haddii midhaha ay yara qoyan yihiin marka la soo saaro qoyaanka, sayaxa ama waraabka iyo miraha isla markiiba la tirtiro. "Haddii aad haysato badeeco heer cunto ah oo ka baxaysa beertaada, ma rabi doontid inaad waqti ku qaadato inaad isku daydo inaad iska dhaqdo," Miles ayaa yidhi. "Si taxadar leh uga fiirso mulch-ka caagga ah ee noolaha haddii aad xaaladdan ku sugan tahay."
WeedGuardPlus ee daraasaddan ayaa lagu ogaaday in ay saameyn qaboojin ku leedahay ciidda, taas oo saameyn xun ku yeelatay cimilada qabow ee Washington. Qaybaha kulul ee dalka, saamaynta qaboojinta waxay noqon kartaa mid wanaagsan.
WeedGuardPlus waxa kale oo uu lahaa awoodda lagu xakameeyo lawska jaalaha ah. "Waxay xakamaysay nuujinta jaalaha ah sanad walba tijaabada,"
Miles ayaa yidhi. "Waxaan dareensanahay in tani ay aad muhiim ugu tahay beeralayda dhibaatadaas haysata. Ma jiraan dawooyinka herbicides-ka ka dambeeya ee lagu calaamadiyay bocorka markaa xakamaynta haramaha waa arin dhab ah.
Hoosudhac vs. hoos u dhac
Marka la qiimeynayo mulches biodegradable, waxaa muhiim ah in la fahmo faraqa u dhexeeya xumaanta iyo hoos u dhaca.
Hoosudhac waa qudhunka dhabta ah.
Xumaantu waa burbur cimilo ama dildilaac iyo ilmada ka timaadda maarayn aan habboonayn.
"Haddii mulch-ka si aad ah loogu jiido dalagga waxay u egtahay in ay kala fogaato," Miles ayaa yidhi. "Furaha ayaa ah in la yareeyo xiisad kasta oo ku saabsan mulchkaaga."
Talooyin ku saabsan ururinta iyo cabbiridda jajabyada mulch ee ciidda - si loo qiimeeyo sida wanaagsan ee badeecadu kuugu shaqeyso - ayaa laga heli karaa www.biodegradablemulch.org. Goobtu waa iskaashiga Jaamacadda Tennessee, WSU iyo Jaamacadda Gobolka Montana.
"Waa inaad samaysaa dadaalkaaga markaad ururinayso oo aad cabbirayso muunadahan," Miles ayaa yidhi. "Mulchesku waxay si kala duwan ugu soo bandhigi doonaan goob kasta."
Oxo- ama sawir-xumeeya mulch balaastiig ah waa arrin halis ah marka laga hadlayo doodaha ku saabsan mulch bacaha noolaha ah.
"Waxaa loo suuqgeynayaa sidii caag noole-guuri karta mana ahan," Miles ayaa yiri. "Waxa aad ku dambayn doonto waa wasakhowga caagga ah ee beertaada. Ma qudhmi doono oo waxay ahaan doontaa 300 oo sano sida mulch polyetylen. Ma soo qaadi kartid; way kala burburtaa uun.”
Dukumeenti hagis ah oo ku saabsan oxo- ama mulch balaastig ah oo sawir leh ayaa laga heli karaa www.biodegradablemulch.org.
Xagga sare: Cilmi-baarayaashu waxay jiifaan mulch at Boxx Berry Farm ee Ferndale, Washington, halkaas oo cilmi-baarayaasha Jaamacadda Gobolka Washington ay ku baranayaan mulches-ka noolaha. Sawirka: Jaamacadda Gobolka Washington