Waxaa jiray isbeddel si wanaagsan loo diiwaangeliyay ee ubaxa xilliga gu'ga ee hore ee dhirta badan sida dunidu kululaato. Isbeddelku waxa uu qeylo dhaan geliyey culuumta bayoolajiga sababta oo ah waxa ay awood u leedahay in ay carqaladayso isdhexgalka si taxadar leh loo sameeyay ee u dhexeeya dhirta iyo makhluuqa— balanbaallaalleyda, shinnida, shimbiraha, fiidmeerta iyo kuwa kale—kuwaasi oo wasakheeya.
Laakiin aad u yar ayaa la siiyay isbeddelka sifooyinka kale ee ubaxa, sida cabbirka ubaxa, taas oo sidoo kale saameyn karta isdhexgalka dhirta-pollinator, waqti qaar badan pollinators cayayaanka waxay ku sugan yihiin hoos u dhac caalami ah.
Daraasad lagu daabacay online joornaalka Warqadaha EvolutionLaba saynisyahano ah oo ku takhasusay cilmiga bayoolajiga ee Jaamacadda Michigan iyo saaxiibkii Jaamacadda Georgia ayaa muujiyay in dadka duurjoogta ah ee ammaanta subaxda ee koonfurta bari ee Maraykanka ay kordhiyeen cabbirka ubaxooda intii u dhaxaysay 2003 iyo 2012.
Kordhinta xajmiga ubaxa waxay soo jeedinaysaa maalgashi weyn oo ay dhirta ku sameeyaan soo jiidashada pollinator, sida ay cilmi-baarayaashu sheegeen. Isbeddellada ayaa ah kuwa ugu cad-cad ee loolka woqooyiga, iyadoo la jaanqaadaysa shaqooyinkii hore ee kala duwanaa ee muujinaya in dadka dhirta woqooyigu ay u muuqdaan inay muujiyaan jawaab-celinno horumarineed oo badan oo isbeddelka cimilada ah.
U beddelashada ubaxii hore ayaa sidoo kale lagu arkay dadweynihii ammaanta subaxdii. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jiray tilmaamo muujinaya in dhirtu ay kordhisay maalgashigooda abaal-marinaha ubaxa - nectar iyo manka ay heshay shinnida, duqsigu sirfid iyo wasps kuwaas oo faafiya ubaxyada ammaanta ee cad, casaan iyo buluug.
"Waxaa jira farqi weyn oo xagga fahamkayaga ah sida sifooyinka muhiimka u ah isdhexgalka dhirta-pollinator-ka ay u kobcin karaan wakhti ka dib marka laga jawaabo cimilada isbeddelka ah," ayuu yiri qoraaga hogaanka u ah daraasadda Sasha Bishop, oo ah arday dhakhtar ah oo ka tirsan UM Department of Ecology iyo Biology Evolutionary.
"Waxaan tusineynaa in-marka lagu daro isbeddellada si wanaagsan loo diiwaangeliyey ee ubaxyadii hore-qaab dhismeedka ubaxa iyo abaal-marintu waxay sidoo kale ka ciyaari karaan door muhiim ah ka jawaab celinta isbeddelka isbeddelka deegaanka ee casriga ah."
Ammaanta subaxda caadiga ah waa geed canab ah oo sanadle ah oo laga helo bariga, dhexe-galbeedka iyo koonfurta Maraykanka. Inta badan waxaa lagu arkaa hareeraha waddooyinka iyo beeraha dalagga.
Daraasada ay UM hogaaminaysay waxay adeegsatay hab "soo sarakicidda" taas oo ku lug leh biqilka abuurka ammaanta subaxdii laga soo ururiyay cidhifyada soy-beereedka iyo galleyda ee Tennessee, North Carolina iyo South Carolina laba sano gudahood: 2003 iyo 2012.
Muddadaas sagaalka sano ah, gobolku waxa uu la kulmay heer kulka sare u kaca-gaar ahaan kor u kaca ugu yar iyo heerkulka habeenkii-iyo korodhka tirada dhacdooyinka roobabka ba'an ee u dhexeeya abaar aad u daran.
Si loo raadiyo isbeddelada qaab-dhismeedka ubaxa, cilmi-baarayaashu waxay ku beereen miraha beerta laga soo ururiyay ee labadii sano ee la soo dhaafay aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee UM's Matthaei Botanical Gardens. Markii ubaxu soo baxay, sifooyin ubaxeed oo kala duwan ayaa lagu cabbiray calipers dhijitaalka ah.
Cabbiraado la sameeyay ayaa muujiyay in sharafta subixii ay si weyn u sii fidday intii lagu jiray muddada sagaalka sano ah -4.5 sentimitir (1.8 inji) dhexroorka 2003 iyo 4.8 sentimitir (1.9 inji) 2012, iyo isbeddelka ballaca corolla ayaa ahaa kii ugu weynaa ee dadka ku nool loolka woqooyiga in ka badan. . Tufaaxyada ubaxa waxaa si wada jir ah loogu yaqaannaa corolla.
Daraasaddu waxay sidoo kale daaha ka qaaday isbeddelka xilliyadii hore ee ubax intii u dhaxaysay 2003 iyo 2012, oo ay ugu horrayn u horseedeen dadka deggan loolka woqooyiga. Bilawga ubaxu waxa uu dhacay celcelis ahaan afar maalmood ka hor dhirta laga beero abuurka la ururiyey 2012kii.
Waxa xiiso leh, cilmi-baarayaashu waxay sidoo kale arkeen isbeddel saameyn ku leh latitude-samayn ee maalgashiga weyn ee abaalmarinta ubaxa (manka iyo nectar) waqti ka dib. Celcelis ahaan, ubaxyada ammaanta subaxdii ee ka soo baxay abuurka la ururiyey ee 2012-kii ayaa soo saaray miro manka ah iyo sukrose nectar ka badan marka loo eego ubaxyadii laga soo ururiyey 2003-dii.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, falanqaynta manka iyo nectar-ku waxay ku lug lahaayeen afar qof oo keliya ee dhirta ammaanta subaxdii. Sababtoo ah tirada yar ee dadweynaha ee la baaray, natiijooyinka abaalmarinta ubaxa laguma darin imtixaanka tirakoobka si loo raadiyo caddaynta in la qabsiga iyada oo loo marayo xulashada dabiiciga ah ay ka dhacdo dhirta.
"Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay u muuqataa inay u badan tahay inuu jiro koror ku meel gaar ah maalgashiga soo jiidashada pollinator-ka iyo in natiijadan ay wadaan dadka ku nool latitudes waqooyiga," ayuu yiri qoraaga sare ee daraasadda Regina Baucom, oo ah borofisar ku-xigeenka UM Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.
Daraasadu ma helin wax caddayn ah in ammaanta subaxda ay kordhinayso heerka ay is-pollinate. Caddaynta cilmi-baadhisyo hore qaarkood ayaa tilmaamaya in "is-xilqaan" oo kordhay ay tahay jawaabta suurtagalka ah isbedelka cimilada iyo/ama hoos u dhaca pollinator-ka ee la xidhiidha isbeddelka isticmaalka dhulka.
"Tani waa maqaalkii ugu horreeyay ee loo isticmaalo habka sarakicidda si loo baaro suurtagalnimada in sifooyinka mas'uulka ka ah isdhexgalka dhirta-pollinator ay sii kordhayaan waqti ka dib, taas oo u dhiganta hoos u dhac ku yimaada tirada badan ee pollinator-ka iyo isbeddellada deegaanka ee baaxadda leh sababtoo ah isbeddelka cimilada iyo nidaamyada isticmaalka dhulka," Bishop ayaa yidhi.
Shan iyo tobanka qof ee ammaanta subaxnimo ayaa lagu daray tijaabada sarakicidda iyagoo eegaya isbeddellada qaab-dhismeedka ubaxa. 2,836 qof ayaa lagu soo daray daraasadda ubaxa xilliga gu'ga ee hore. Wadar ahaan, 456 ubax ayaa laga cabbiray XNUMX dhir.